4-1

The Supreme Lord said: I instructed this imperishable science of spiritual service to the sun-god, and the sun-god instructed it to Manu, the father of mankind, and Manu in turn instructed it to Ikshvaku.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains the antiquity and immutability of the teaching of spiritual discipline, emphasizing that this spiritual knowledge is not new or changed over time. It is eternal and has always existed. Krishna states that he himself initially imparted this imperishable spiritual discipline to the sun-god, who is the ruler of the universe and a symbol of light. The sun-god further passed this knowledge on to mankind. Furthermore, the sun-god transmitted it to the progenitor of mankind and the first ruler who established the order of human society. This teaching was passed on to the king, from whom the dynasty of rulers originated. Krishna emphasizes that the teaching of spiritual discipline is not something new, but it is eternal and unchanging, passed down through generations from divine sources to humanity.

4-2

This supreme science was thus received through the chain of disciplic succession, and the saintly kings understood it in that way. But in the course of time, the succession was broken, and therefore the science as it is appears to be lost.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains how the teaching of spiritual discipline was transmitted through a chain of teachers and disciples. In the past, this teaching was imparted to saintly kings who were both rulers and spiritual teachers. These kings were responsible for governing society in accordance with spiritual principles. However, over time, this teaching faded away because people forgot its value and deviated from the spiritual path. The teaching, which was once practiced and understood, gradually disappeared as society lost its connection to spiritual discipline. This knowledge was kept secret and passed on only to the chosen few. In this verse, Krishna addresses Arjuna as Parantapa, which means chastiser of enemies. This address symbolizes Arjuna's strength and courage, which are necessary not only in physical battle but also in the spiritual battle against internal enemies such as ignorance and desires.

4-3

That very ancient science of the relationship with the Supreme is today told by Me to you because you are My devotee as well as My friend; therefore you can understand the transcendental mystery of this science.

Explanation: Krishna emphasizes that this teaching is particularly significant because it is not merely theoretical knowledge but also the key to spiritual understanding. Its mystery lies in the ability to comprehend and practice spiritual discipline, which leads to enlightenment. Arjuna is considered worthy because he is both a friend and a faithful follower, indicating his spiritual abilities and devotion to Krishna.

4-4

Arjuna said: The sun-god is senior by birth to You. How am I to understand that in the beginning You instructed this science to him?

Explanation: In this verse, Arjuna expresses his incomprehension as to how Krishna could have taught this ancient teaching of spiritual discipline to the sun-god, who lived in ancient times. Arjuna doubts how this is possible because he knows that Krishna was born at a later time and is his contemporary.

4-5

The Supreme Lord said: Many, many births both you and I have passed. I can remember all of them, but you cannot, O subduer of the enemy!

Explanation: Krishna is the eternal soul who can freely enter this world when necessary and remembers all his past births and actions. Arjuna, being a human, is limited in his ability to remember the past and his previous lives. This highlights the difference between an ordinary human and the Divine Lord. Subduer of the enemy is an epithet referring to Arjuna's ability to defeat enemies on the battlefield, reminding him of his duty as a warrior.

4-6

Although I am unborn and My transcendental body never deteriorates, and although I am the Lord of all living entities, I still appear in every age in My original transcendental form.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains his divine nature and ability to enter this world while remaining unchanged and unborn. Although he is the eternal Lord and his soul is indestructible, he chooses to enter the material world when necessary. Krishna enters this world not out of necessity but with his divine power, which allows him to act here without any material limitations.

4-7

Whenever and wherever there is a decline in religious practice, O descendant of Bharata, and a predominant rise of irreligion—at that time I descend Myself.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains why and when he incarnates into this world. He emphasizes that when righteousness, virtue is threatened and injustice, evil increases, he enters the world to restore order and protect justice. Righteousness refers to the cosmic and moral order that ensures the balance of society, while irreligion is its opposite, which destroys this order. This verse emphasizes that God does not remain indifferent when injustice and irreligion dominate society, but he actively intervenes to protect the righteous and destroy evil.

4-8

To deliver the pious and to annihilate the miscreants, as well as to reestablish the principles of religion, I appear millennium after millennium.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that he appears in this world with three main purposes: to protect the righteous, to destroy the wicked, and to re-establish righteousness. He emphasizes that this happens in every age when it is necessary to restore balance in the world. Righteousness is the divine law that maintains harmony and order, and when this order is threatened, Krishna comes to restore this law.

4-9

One who knows the transcendental nature of My appearance and activities does not, upon leaving the body, take his birth again in this material world, but attains My eternal abode, O Arjuna.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that one who understands his divine birth and actions attains liberation and is no longer bound by the cycle of reincarnation. Krishna's birth and actions are not similar to the births and actions of ordinary people. They are divine and performed with a specific purpose—to protect the righteous and restore justice. When a person truly understands this divine reality, they realize that Krishna is not subject to material laws such as birth and death. Such true understanding leads a person to liberation from the cycle of birth and death. When a person leaves their material body, they no longer return to this world but attain Krishna, which means achieving spiritual enlightenment and eternal life with God.

4-10

Being freed from attachment, fear and anger, fully absorbed in Me and taking refuge in Me, many, many who were purified in the past by knowledge of Me, thus attained transcendental love for Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains how people who seek refuge in him and are freed from attachment, fear, and anger are able to achieve spiritual perfection and merge with his essence. Attachment to material things, fear of loss, and anger arising from unfulfilled desires are obstacles to spiritual growth. People who can overcome these obstacles become free from the influence of the material world. Furthermore, Krishna indicates that those who are purified through knowledge and asceticism (self-discipline) are able to reach his level of divinity. This combination of knowledge and spiritual discipline is the path to spiritual purification and enlightenment. Those who follow this path ultimately merge with Krishna's essence, achieving liberation. This merging signifies complete unity with God.

4-11

As all surrender unto Me, I reward them accordingly. Everyone follows My path in all respects, O son of Pṛthā.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna states that he responds to people's desires and actions according to how they approach him. If people seek spiritual enlightenment, they receive it; if they seek material success, they also obtain it. Krishna emphasizes that he is universal and omnipresent, and people with various motivations and approaches can seek him. As people wish to relate to the divine, in the same way Krishna responds and fulfills their desires. This can be through love, trust, knowledge, asceticism, or even material desires—Krishna responds to everyone according to their wish. Moreover, Krishna explains that all people, consciously or unconsciously, follow his paths. This means that regardless of whether a person strives for spiritual enlightenment or material enjoyment, they are still within the order created by the divine and follow a path that ultimately leads to an understanding of the divine. Pārtha is an address for Arjuna, meaning the son of Pritha (Arjuna's mother Kunti's other name is Pritha). With this address, Krishna indicates a close connection with Arjuna and reminds him of his noble origins, as well as his role as a warrior and a follower of Krishna.

4-12

Men in this world desire success in fruitive activities, and therefore they worship the demigods. Quickly, of course, men get results from fruitive action in this world.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes that the Divine beings provide people with the necessary resources for life, provided they are honored with sacrifices and selfless actions. Krishna explains that people who seek material success and the fruits of their actions usually worship various demigods. These people desire quick results in their lives, and therefore they seek divine help from deities that govern various material spheres. This could mean wealth, success, or other material benefits they seek to obtain through their actions. However, Krishna here emphasizes that these quick successes and material fruits that people obtain are only temporary and come from worldly actions. These results arise only in this human world and are linked to the cycle of action—they are not related to spiritual liberation or true consciousness of the divine. Material gain here is described as easily attainable, but it is not a long-term solution for spiritual growth.

4-13

According to the three modes of material nature and the work ascribed to them, the four divisions of human society were created by Me. And, although I am the creator of this system, you should know that I am yet the nondoer, being unchangeable.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains the four social orders, which are determined by people's natural qualities and actions. This system includes Brahmins (the wise and priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers and servants). This system is structured so that society functions in harmony, and each person performs the work that corresponds to their qualities and skills. Although Krishna is the creator of this system, he himself is uninvolved and eternal, which indicates his divine nature. Krishna is beyond all material laws and does not participate in the process of action as it relates to people.

4-14

There is no work that affects Me; nor do I aspire for the fruits of action. One who understands this truth about Me also does not become entangled in the reactions of work.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains his divine nature, in which he performs actions, but they do not taint or bind him. He reveals that he has no desire for the fruits or results of actions because he acts in a detached manner. This indicates an impersonal and eternal nature that has no attachment to the material world and its chains of action. Krishna indicates that anyone who truly understands his ability to perform actions without attachment or desire for results can also be freed from the influence of the law of karma. A person who practices actions with a detached mind and selfless intent, like Krishna, is liberated from the consequences of action. This principle is the essence of selfless action.

4-15

All the liberated souls in ancient times acted with this understanding and thus attained liberation. Therefore, as the ancients did, perform your duty in this divine consciousness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna encourages Arjuna to perform his duties and explains that the ancient people who desired liberation carried out their actions according to the principles of righteousness, understanding the nature of detached action. Krishna indicates that performing actions while understanding their deeper meaning is an essential path to spiritual freedom. This teaching is eternal, and ancient people have followed it, so Arjuna must also perform his actions in this world without being attached to their fruits.

4-16

Even the wise are bewildered in determining what is action and what is inaction. Now I shall explain to you what action is, knowing which you shall be liberated from all misfortune.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna addresses the concepts of action and inaction, which are a complex philosophical question, even for the wise. Many people, including the learned, are confused about what truly constitutes action and what constitutes inaction, and how to distinguish between the two. This indicates that the nature of action is not so easily understood. Krishna promises to explain this mystery—how to understand action that does not taint and does not lead to the chains of action. He emphasizes that by understanding action and its correct execution, a person can be freed from adverse consequences. Thus, this understanding allows one to overcome the bonds of action and achieve spiritual freedom.

4-17

The intricacies of action are very hard to understand. Therefore, one should know perfectly what action is, what forbidden action is, and what inaction is.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that the nature of action is complex and must be understood more deeply. A person needs to understand the three main types of action and their differences in order to consciously move along the spiritual path. • Correct action, which aligns with righteousness (the laws of righteousness). • Incorrect action or action that contradicts righteousness (laws and moral principles). • Inaction or action that is performed without the consequences of action, because it is done with a detached mind (without attachment to the results of the action). The true nature of action is difficult to understand because even the same action can produce different results depending on the intention and the state of mind with which it is performed. Incorrect action can cause suffering and distance one from God, while correct action leads to spiritual growth.

4-18

One who sees inaction in action and action in inaction is intelligent among men, and he is in the transcendental position, although engaged in all kinds of activities.

Explanation: Krishna teaches that a person needs to see inaction in action and action in inaction. This means that a true practitioner of spiritual discipline and a wise person understands that even if he is physically active in this world, his mind and consciousness are free from attachment to the results and consequences of action. Such a person can work and be active, but in his inner state, there is no attachment to the action or its fruits—this is inaction in action. Likewise, there are cases when a person is not acting physically, but he is thinking or wanting something that triggers action. In such a case, even his inaction can be action because his mind is attached and involved in waiting for the fruits of the action. This means that a person can experience action even without doing physical work if he is attached to desires or results. A wise person is able to understand this deep meaning of action and inaction—he acts with a detached mind, and therefore his actions do not cause the consequences of action.

4-19

One is understood to be in full knowledge whose every endeavor is devoid of desire for sense gratification. Sages say that for one whose actions are thus burned up by the fire of perfect knowledge, the reactions do not bind.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna speaks about a person who has achieved true enlightenment. For such a person, all his actions are free from attachment and desires for the fruits of action. He acts, but his actions are not driven by the force of desires or egoistic motives. Such a person's actions are burned in the fire of knowledge, which means that he acts with knowledge that comes from divine consciousness and understanding of true reality. Knowledge in this context is the understanding of righteousness and detached actions, in which there is no desire for material fruits. When a person understands that all actions must be performed selflessly, his action obligations are destroyed because he is no longer bound by the results of the action.

4-20

Abandoning all attachment to the results of his activities, ever satisfied and independent, he performs no fruitive action, although engaged in all kinds of undertakings.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes an enlightened person who is free from attachment to the fruits of action. Such a person is constantly content, which means he has no need to seek satisfaction in external objects or the results of actions. He is independent of external things because his satisfaction comes from inner spiritual understanding and union with the divine. Although this person continues to act in this world and perform his duties, he does nothing in the sense of action. He performs actions without attachment, so they do not form the bonds of action and do not cause further consequences. This means that although spiritual perfection is a state in which a person is no longer dependent on actions, action is still necessary to support society and the well-being of the world. Such action must be performed selflessly, without attachment to the result.

4-21

Such a man of understanding acts with mind and intelligence fully controlled, gives up all sense of proprietorship over his possessions, and acts only for the bare necessities of life. Thus working, he is not affected by sinful reactions.

Explanation: A person can be free from the reactions of actions if he acts with an unattached mind and without desires for the fruits of action. A person who is free from desires, has controlled his mind and soul, and renounces ownership (material attachment) can perform his actions in the world without becoming bound by them. The actions performed by such a person are considered bodily actions necessary for daily life, but they do not cause karmic reactions. This means that his actions are free from sin or taint, as he acts with a selfless mind, and his actions are performed only on a physical level, not causing desire or attachment. This is an important part of spiritual discipline—a person must be able to perform actions but be independent of the results of those actions and material attachments.

4-22

He who is satisfied with gain which comes of its own accord, who is free from duality and does not envy, who is steady both in success and failure, is never entangled, although performing actions.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains the principles of unattached living. A person who lives in accordance with righteousness is content with what comes naturally. He is not attached to material desires and lives accepting what is given to him, without wanting more or being dissatisfied with less. This person is free from dualities (such as joy and sorrow, good and evil), which often prevail in the material world. Such a person is also without envy, which means he does not envy others and is not jealous of their success. He is balanced in both success and failure—he remains calm regardless of external circumstances because his happiness comes from inner contentment and spiritual understanding, not from external events. Even if he performs actions, such a person is not bound by actions. This means that his actions do not cause karmic reactions because he acts unattached and without desire for the fruits of action.

4-23

The work of a man who is unattached to the modes of material nature and is fully situated in transcendental knowledge merges entirely into transcendence.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes a person who is liberated from attachment to material things and is free both spiritually and mentally. The consciousness of such a person is based on knowledge—he understands the higher purpose of life and acts in accordance with spiritual knowledge, not worldly desires. A person who performs his actions as an offering or spiritual discipline is free from the consequences of action. Offering here means selfless action that is dedicated to a higher purpose or God. When this person acts in this way, his actions are destroyed—this means that the actions do not leave karmic consequences. His actions do not cause karmic bonds because his mind is free from attachment and he acts with spiritual knowledge. A person's liberated consciousness allows him to perform actions unattached—he performs duties but without desire for results, and therefore he does not acquire any karmic consequences. This teaching is eternal and has been followed by ancient people, therefore Arjuna must also perform his actions as service to God.

4-24

A person who is fully absorbed in realization of the Divine consciousness will certainly attain to the spiritual kingdom because of his full contribution to spiritual activities, in which the means of consumption is spiritual and the oblation is spiritual.

Explanation: This verse describes the principle of complete unity between the offering, the offerer, and the Divinity. Here, Divine consciousness is understood as the all-encompassing Divine reality that is present in all aspects of offering. The offering itself is Divine consciousness, so is the object being offered Divine consciousness, and it is offered into the fire of Divine consciousness. This consciousness of unity, that everything is Divine consciousness, is achieved when the offerer acts with a mind that is fully devoted to Divine consciousness. This means that when a person acts with the consciousness that all his works and offerings are dedicated to the Divinity (Divine consciousness), his actions become part of spiritual practice, and he comes to the realization of Divine consciousness. This is the principle of spiritual discipline—actions become selfless and are performed with Divine consciousness. In this verse, Krishna emphasizes that if a person performs all his actions with Divine consciousness, he attains the Absolute Truth and is freed from karmic bonds.

4-25

Some yogīs perfectly worship the demigods by offering different kinds of sacrifices to them, and some of them offer sacrifices in the fire of the Supreme Brahman.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes two different types of offerings practiced by practitioners of spiritual discipline. Offering here is a symbol of selfless actions that are dedicated to the Divine or spiritual practice. • The first type—some practitioners of spiritual discipline offer sacrifices to Divine beings or demigods. These practitioners of spiritual discipline offer their actions or offerings to the demigods, seeking spiritual union through this worship. • The second type—other practitioners of spiritual discipline offer their sacrifices in the fire of Divine consciousness. These practitioners of spiritual discipline see Divine consciousness as the destination of all offerings and offer their actions for the sake of the Divinity or the highest truth. This verse explains different spiritual discipline practices where actions are dedicated to a higher purpose. Both offering to the demigods and offering to Divine consciousness are ways in which practitioners of spiritual discipline achieve spiritual perfection, as all actions are dedicated to the Divine or spiritual path. Regardless of the type of offering, the main thing is that all actions are dedicated to a higher purpose. Such selfless action and offering help practitioners of spiritual discipline develop spiritual consciousness and achieve spiritual perfection.

4-26

Some of them sacrifice the hearing process and the other senses in the fire of mental control, and others sacrifice the objects of the senses, such as sound, in the fire of sacrifice.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes various practices of sacrifice in which practitioners of spiritual discipline offer their minds and senses as a sacrifice to spiritual discipline. There are two main types of sacrifice: • The first type—some practitioners of spiritual discipline offer their senses (for example, hearing, sight, taste) in the fire of self-control. This means that they practice self-control and sense management to curb their impulses and divert attention from external objects. This is a way to develop self-control and discipline the mind. • The second type—other practitioners of spiritual discipline offer sense objects (such as sound, smell, taste) in the fire of the senses. This means that they offer their perceptual experiences to the spiritual path, not allowing these sensory objects to influence their minds. These practitioners of spiritual discipline consciously control their attitude towards sensory objects, not allowing these experiences to distract them from their spiritual goal. Both types point to the importance of self-control and conscious living in spiritual practice. Sense control and mind discipline help the practitioner of spiritual discipline achieve spiritual balance and avoid attachment to worldly pleasures.

4-27

Others, who are interested in achieving self-realization, try to restrain all the activities of the senses and the life airs, and they offer them as a sacrifice into the fire of the controlled mind.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes how practitioners of spiritual discipline practice self-restraint and self-control with the light of knowledge as a guide. There are two types of actions that practitioners of spiritual discipline offer as sacrifice: • Actions of the senses—all actions that a person performs with their senses, such as hearing, sight, touch, and others, are controlled and offered as a sacrifice, not allowing the senses to be diverted to external objects. • Actions of the life force—the life force is the breath and other bodily energies that control a person's vitality. Practitioners of spiritual discipline must also learn to control and offer these forces as a sacrifice in the fire of restraint. The sacrifice is made in the fire of restraint and spiritual discipline, which symbolizes the practice of spiritual discipline and self-control. This practice is illuminated by the light of knowledge, which indicates spiritual awareness and understanding of oneself and the world. Knowledge is what helps the practitioner of spiritual discipline understand the true meaning of his actions and break free from attachment to sensory objects. The purpose of this sacrifice is to purify the mind and control the senses in order to achieve spiritual balance and an understanding of the purpose of life. The light of knowledge is like a guide that helps the practitioner of spiritual discipline not succumb to worldly pleasures and direct attention to the spiritual path. Arjuna must perform his actions as service to God.

4-28

Having accepted strict vows, some become enlightened by sacrificing their possessions, and others by performing severe austerities, by practicing the yoga of eightfold mysticism, or by studying the Vedas to gain transcendental knowledge.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes various types of sacrifices practiced by practitioners of spiritual discipline and ascetics, each choosing their own path to offer their lives and actions to the Divine or spiritual development. These sacrifices can be material, physical, mental, or intellectual, depending on the person's nature and type of practice. Sacrifices are made with firm commitment and spiritual discipline. • Sacrifice of possessions—people sacrifice their material possessions or wealth to help others or promote spiritual goals. This type of sacrifice helps those who are dependent on external things to offer their contribution to the spiritual path. • Sacrifice of austerities—people sacrifice through physical austerity or discipline, limiting their desires and living strictly in accordance with spiritual principles. This requires great commitment and willpower to control one's senses and instincts. • Sacrifice of spiritual discipline—some practice spiritual discipline and contemplation to achieve spiritual union with the divine. This is the path to expanding consciousness and achieving inner harmony. • Sacrifice with knowledge and self-study—some sacrifice their time and energy to the study of sacred texts, gaining knowledge and sharing teachings with others. This requires intelligence and inner determination to fully realize and understand spiritual teachings. The people who participate in these sacrifices are those who strictly keep their vows, and they work diligently to achieve spiritual perfection. Krishna explains that there are different ways a person can offer their life and actions, depending on their ability and commitment.

4-29

Still others, who are inclined to the process of breath restraint to remain in trance, practice by offering the outgoing breath into the incoming, and the incoming breath into the outgoing, and thus at last remain in trance, stopping all breathing. Others, curtailing the eating process, offer the outgoing breath into itself as a sacrifice.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna speaks about the discipline of breath control, which is an important part of the practice of spiritual discipline. Breath is considered the life force, and its control is an essential form of spiritual discipline. • Some offer the outgoing breath into the incoming and the incoming breath into the outgoing—this indicates the control of the flow of breath, where practitioners of spiritual discipline combine and balance the inhalation and exhalation. This is a symbol of breathing discipline that helps harmonize the body and mind. • Others restrain the incoming and outgoing breath—this verse refers to practitioners of spiritual discipline where they restrain the incoming and outgoing breath, focusing on breath control. This is an important aspect of spiritual discipline that helps control life energy and achieve inner balance. Breath control is one of the disciplines of spiritual discipline, where practitioners of spiritual discipline control their breathing, which helps them control their minds and emotions. Breath control is closely related to mind control, as balancing inhalation and exhalation helps practitioners of spiritual discipline maintain inner peace and spiritual discipline.

4-30

All these, knowing the meaning of sacrifice, are freed from karmic reactions, and, having tasted the nectar of the fruits of sacrifice, they go to the eternal Divine abode.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes the importance of sacrifice and how it helps a person purify themselves and achieve the highest spiritual goal: • Knowers of sacrifice: those who understand the essence and meaning of sacrifice are described as people who know how sacrifice works in spiritual life. Sacrifice here can be understood in a broader sense, as selfless action or dedication to a higher purpose. • Purification from sins through sacrifice: these people, through their conscious and selfless actions, purify themselves from their negative qualities, sins, and actions. Sacrifice symbolizes pure action that eliminates egoism and the desire for material gain. • Enjoying the remnants of sacrifice: those who participate in sacrifice enjoy the blessings that are the result of sacrifice. This blessing symbolizes immortality and spiritual fulfillment that comes from selfless actions. One who serves without desire for reward experiences inner peace and spiritual consciousness. • Reach eternal Divine consciousness: those who participate in this blessed process of sacrifice and enjoy its fruits ultimately reach Divine consciousness – the highest reality, the eternal and unchanging spiritual state. Divine consciousness is the highest form of spiritual awareness that transcends the material world.

4-31

O best of the Kuru dynasty, without sacrifice one can never live happily on this planet system or in this life, what then of the next?

Explanation: For those who do not sacrifice or participate in the process of sacrifice, there is no place either in this world or the next. Sacrifice is not only an external process, but also a spiritual discipline that allows a person to purify themselves and move towards spiritual perfection. Sacrifice is the dedication of oneself to God. If a person does not participate in the process of sacrifice, neither material benefits in this world nor spiritual benefits in the next life are available to them. In this verse, Krishna addresses Arjuna as the best of the Kuru dynasty to emphasize that sacrifice is essential not only in this life, but also after death.

4-32

All these different types of sacrifice are approved by the Vedas, and all of them are born of different activities. Knowing them as such, you will become liberated.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that the various types of sacrifices he has described in previous verses are manifested through Divine consciousness and are found in the Vedas—the sacred scriptures that prescribe various types of sacrifices and ceremonies. These sacrifices have arisen from actions, which means that sacrifices are part of the chain of actions that helps a person develop spiritual consciousness and achieve freedom from the bonds of action. This verse emphasizes that sacrifices are not only external rituals, but also part of a person's actions and duties. They are a way to harmonize one's actions with Divine consciousness and spiritual values. By understanding that all sacrifices are a manifestation of action, a person can break free from the bonds of action and achieve spiritual freedom. When a person realizes that all actions are a way of participating in sacrifice, they cease attachment to material things and become free from action. This means that selfless actions (sacrifices) allow a person to live freely and achieve spiritual liberation.

4-33

O conqueror of enemies, sacrifice performed in knowledge is better than merely sacrificing material possessions. After all, O Partha, the culmination of all sacrifices is in transcendental knowledge.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna points out the superiority of spiritual knowledge over material sacrifices. Although material sacrifices (such as wealth, money, or property) are important, true spiritual knowledge is more valuable than any material sacrifices. The sacrifice of knowledge is the development of education and understanding about the true purpose of life and the principles of righteousness. Krishna indicates that all actions, even material sacrifices, are ultimately fulfilled with knowledge. This means that it is spiritual knowledge that gives true meaning to actions and sacrifices and directs a person towards liberation from the bonds of action. Therefore, a person must focus on developing knowledge and making sacrifices in spiritual understanding, as these will help understand the nature of action and reaction and prevent attachment to the material world. In this verse, Krishna addresses Arjuna twice with the words Parantapa (conqueror) and Pārtha (son of Kunti). By addressing him as Parantapa, Krishna points to Arjuna's ability to defeat not only external enemies, but also internal ones—ignorance and egoism. The address Pārtha reminds him of the noble lineage into which he was born and encourages him to understand that he must cultivate spiritual knowledge, not just perform material sacrifices.

4-34

Learn the truth by approaching a spiritual master with humility, by questioning him and by serving him. The self-realized souls can impart knowledge unto you because they have seen the truth.

Explanation: This verse teaches that true knowledge can be obtained through humility, actively asking questions, and serving a spiritual teacher. Krishna emphasizes that to achieve spiritual understanding, a student must be willing to learn from a wise teacher who has seen the truth. Knowledge is not just theory, but also practical experience that can be gained through discipline and service. Wise teachers are those who help the student achieve true understanding and spiritual liberation.

4-35

Having obtained real knowledge from a self-realized soul, you will never fall into such illusion, for by this knowledge you will see that all living beings are but part of Me—that they are in Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna points to the power of spiritual knowledge. When a person gains true spiritual knowledge, they no longer fall into illusion. Illusion here means ignorance related to perceiving oneself as separate from others and from the Divine. Spiritual knowledge allows a person to understand that all living beings are interconnected. This knowledge reveals that everything that exists is both within oneself and in God (Krishna). This unity between the individual and the Divine is the main conclusion that a person gains by acquiring spiritual knowledge. When a person understands that everything is connected to the Divine, they are freed from the duality of self and others and understand that all life and everything that exists is part of a unified divine consciousness. This knowledge helps to break free from illusions and see the unity between all lives and God. In this verse, Krishna addresses Arjuna as Pandava—referring to his belonging to the Pandava dynasty, which symbolizes strength and righteousness.

4-36

Even if you are the most sinful of all sinners, you will be able to cross over all your sins by the boat of knowledge.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes that spiritual knowledge is an extremely powerful tool that can purify a person from all sins, no matter how serious they have been. He indicates that even if a person is the most sinful of all sinners, they can be purified if they use the boat of knowledge. The boat of knowledge is used here as a metaphor that indicates the ability of spiritual knowledge to help a person navigate through sins and injustice. This knowledge gives the power to overcome past mistakes and break free from the consequences of actions. This indicates that spiritual knowledge is not only theoretical, but also practical, giving a person the opportunity to transform and renew themselves. A person who uses the power of knowledge is able to purify themselves and overcome their sins. Krishna urges Arjuna to understand that regardless of past mistakes, true spiritual knowledge will help him cross over these sins and move towards spiritual liberation.

4-37

As a blazing fire turns firewood to ashes, O Arjuna, so does the fire of knowledge burn all reactions to ashes.

Explanation: This verse teaches that spiritual knowledge acts like a powerful fire that can burn all reactions to actions and free a person from worldly bondage. Krishna emphasizes that true knowledge is a powerful means of purification that turns reactions to actions into ashes, leaving a person free from action and ready for spiritual growth. Knowledge not only helps to understand the true meaning of life, but also frees from past actions and leads to spiritual liberation.

4-38

In this world, there is nothing so sublime and pure as transcendental knowledge. Such knowledge is the ripe fruit of all mysticism. And one who is accomplished in the practice of devotional service enjoys this knowledge within himself in due course of time.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna highlights the value and sanctity of knowledge, emphasizing that knowledge is the highest purifier. It is more important than anything else in this world because it purifies a person's mind and soul, helping them to understand their true nature and Divine consciousness. Spiritual knowledge is what helps a person overcome ignorance, illusions, and the consequences of actions. This knowledge leads to inner freedom and spiritual understanding. Therefore, knowledge is considered the highest form of purification compared to any other ritual or action. A person who has perfected themselves in spiritual discipline, that is, who has disciplinedly practiced spiritual discipline and self-control, eventually acquires this spiritual knowledge over time. Krishna emphasizes that this knowledge is found within the person—it does not come from the outside, but must be found and realized through the practice of spiritual discipline and the inner journey.

4-39

A faithful man who is dedicated to transcendental knowledge and who subdues his senses is eligible to achieve such knowledge, and having achieved it he quickly attains the supreme spiritual peace.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna points to three important conditions for a person to acquire spiritual knowledge and achieve supreme peace: • Faith – it is an essential component on the spiritual path. A person must have faith not only in the Divine, but also in the path of knowledge and the teacher who teaches this knowledge. Faith allows a person to continue on the spiritual path even when obstacles or difficulties arise. • Selflessness and dedication – a person must be completely dedicated to spiritual knowledge. This means that they must dedicate themselves to practice and inquiry in order to gain true understanding and spiritual consciousness. • Sense control – in order for a person to acquire knowledge, they must be able to control their senses and emotions. Sense control allows the mind to become stable and calm, which is necessary for fully mastering spiritual knowledge. When a person practices spiritual teachings with faith and dedication and controls their senses, they gain spiritual knowledge. This knowledge helps a person achieve supreme peace, which is a state where a person is free from anxiety, suffering, and illusions. Supreme peace is the result that comes with spiritual understanding and the acquisition of knowledge.

4-40

But the ignorant and faithless, who doubt the revealed scriptures, are unaware of God and perish. For the doubting soul there is neither this world nor the next, nor happiness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes three important obstacles on the path of spiritual growth: ignorance, lack of faith, and doubt. He explains that a person who is unable to overcome these barriers perishes both spiritually and emotionally, because he has no happiness in this world or the next. • Ignorance - a person who does not know the truth or spiritual knowledge is lost and unable to move forward on the spiritual path. Ignorance is the biggest drawback that prevents understanding the true nature of life. • Lack of faith - even if a person has knowledge, lack of faith leads to the inability to practice it. Faith is necessary for a person to be able to fully dedicate themselves to the spiritual path and trust the guidance of the teacher and knowledge. • Doubts - a person who is full of doubts cannot achieve inner peace. Doubts undermine spiritual practice and create uncertainty about one's goals. A doubtful mind does not allow one to concentrate on spiritual development and does not allow one to achieve freedom from suffering. This means that even a small determination and slight progress on the spiritual path brings immense benefit. This path is safe and without loss, because even a small effort brings spiritual fruits. This verse emphasizes that a person with a doubting mind has no happiness in this world or the next. Krishna explains that faith, knowledge, and conviction are necessary to achieve inner peace and spiritual growth. If these prerequisites are not met, a person lives in turmoil, both in this life and after it.

4-41

He who acts with faith, relinquishing the fruits of action, whose doubts are destroyed by transcendental knowledge, and who is situated firmly in the self, O conqueror of wealth, is not bound by actions.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that a person who has attained self-realization through spiritual discipline and destroyed his doubts with knowledge is no longer bound by the reactions of actions. This means that such a person lives free from the entanglement of actions and is no longer bound by the consequences of actions.

4-42

Therefore, with the sword of knowledge, which is in your heart, cut asunder the doubt born of ignorance. Armed with spiritual discipline, arise and fight, O Bharata!

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna urges Arjuna to use knowledge as a weapon against the doubts that arise from ignorance and reside in his heart. Doubts and ignorance are the biggest obstacles on the path of spiritual understanding, and they must be removed so that one can fully acquire spiritual knowledge.