18-1

Arjuna said: O mighty-armed one, I wish to understand the purpose of renunciation and the order of renunciation, O master of the senses, O slayer of the Keshi demon.

Explanation: In this verse, Arjuna addresses Krishna with a desire to understand the purpose of renunciation and the essence and differences between the order of renunciation (the stages of life in which a person renounces worldly desires) and renunciation (the principle of action that involves giving up the fruits). He wants to know how these two concepts differ and how they help on the spiritual path.

18-2

The Supreme Lord said: The wise understand that the renunciation of actions based on material desires is the order of renunciation. And the wise call the surrender of all the fruits of action to God renunciation of the fruits.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that the wise understand that the renunciation of actions based on material desires is the order of renunciation, but the surrender of all the fruits of action to God is called renunciation of the fruits by the wise.

18-3

Some wise men declare that all action which has defects should be renounced, while others believe that sacrifice, charity, and austerity should never be given up.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna reveals two different views on action and abstention from it. Some wise men believe that all action that has defects should be renounced because it binds the soul to the material world. On the other hand, other wise men believe that sacrifice, charity, and austerity should be maintained because they are essential in spiritual practice and help purify consciousness.

18-4

O best of the Bharatas, hear My judgment about renunciation. O tiger among men, renunciation is described in the Scriptures as being of three kinds.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna asks Arjuna to listen to His opinion on renunciation and explains that in the Holy Scriptures it is described as being of three kinds, according to the three qualities of material nature. He is about to explain in more detail these three types of renunciation, which are related to goodness, passion, and ignorance.

18-5

Sacrifice, charity, and austerity should never be given up; they must be performed. Indeed, sacrifice, charity, and austerity purify even great souls.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes that sacrifice, charity, and austerity should never be given up, because they are essential spiritual practices that purify even great souls. These actions help to break free from egoism, attachment, and material desires, thus promoting spiritual growth.

18-6

All these actions should be performed without attachment and without desire for fruits. They must be performed as a duty, O Partha. That is My final opinion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that sacrifice, charity, and austerity should be performed without attachment and without desire for fruits. They must be performed as a duty, recognizing that these actions are necessary for spiritual development and not for gaining personal benefit. Such an approach is Krishna's final and unchanging opinion.

18-7

Prescribed duties should never be abandoned. If one abandons his prescribed duties out of delusion, such renunciation is in the mode of ignorance.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna warns that prescribed duties, which arise from a person's nature and position in society, should never be abandoned. If someone abandons their duties out of delusion, without understanding their true meaning, such renunciation corresponds to the mode of ignorance and does not lead to spiritual growth.

18-8

He who gives up his prescribed duty, considering it troublesome, or out of fear, acts in the mode of passion. By so acting, he never attains the result of renunciation.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that the renunciation of duty based on fear of difficulty or discomfort corresponds to the mode of passion. Such action does not indicate true spiritual renunciation and does not yield the expected result – liberation. Instead, it binds a person even more to the material world.

18-9

O Arjuna, when one performs their prescribed duty only because it ought to be done, and renounces all material association and fruits, their renunciation is in the quality of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes true renunciation, which corresponds to the quality of goodness. A person performs their prescribed duty without any attachment, simply because it must be done, and renounces all association with the fruits. Such renunciation is selfless and based on pure spiritual consciousness.

18-10

The wise renouncer, established in goodness, who neither hates unfavorable work nor is attached to favorable work, has no doubt about action.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes the qualities of a person who has attained true renunciation in the quality of goodness. Such a person is wise, does not hate unfavorable work, and is not attached to favorable work. He is free from doubts about how to act correctly, as his actions are based on pure spiritual consciousness and a sense of duty.

18-11

Indeed, it is not possible for an embodied being to renounce all activities entirely. But one who renounces the fruits of action is truly a renouncer.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that it is not possible for an embodied being, while in the physical body, to renounce all activities entirely. However, it is possible to renounce the fruits of action, i.e., detachment from the results. One who can do this is considered truly renounced, because their motivation is not focused on personal gain, but on spiritual duty.

18-12

For those who have not renounced, there are three kinds of fruits after death – desirable, undesirable, and mixed. But for those who have renounced, there is no need to enjoy or suffer such results.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains the difference between those who have not renounced the fruits of action and those who have truly renounced. A person who has not renounced experiences three kinds of fruits after death – desirable, undesirable, and mixed, depending on their past actions. On the other hand, those who have truly renounced are free from these consequences and no longer experience the pleasures or sufferings associated with the results of material action.

18-13

O mighty-armed Arjuna, according to Vedanta, five causes are necessary for the accomplishment of all action. Now learn about them from Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna begins to explain the five causes necessary for the performance of any action, according to Vedanta philosophy. He asks Arjuna to listen carefully to understand these causes, which will help to better understand the principles of action and renunciation.

18-14

The place of action (the body), the performer, the various senses, the many endeavors, and ultimately the Supreme Soul – these are the five causes of action.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna lists five causes that are necessary for the performance of any action: the body as the place of action, the performer (the soul), the various senses, the various efforts and endeavors, and finally, the Supreme Soul, who oversees everything and gives permission. These five factors together determine the outcome of any action.

18-15

Whatever actions a person performs with their body, mind, or speech, whether right or wrong, are caused by these five factors.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that all actions that a person performs with their body, mind, or speech depend on the five aforementioned causes. Regardless of whether these actions are righteous or unrighteous, they are all determined by the interaction of these five factors.

18-16

Therefore, one who considers themselves the only doer, not taking into account these five causes, is not intelligent and does not see things as they truly are.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna points out that one who considers themselves the only doer and does not take into account the five causes of action is not intelligent and does not see things as they truly are. Such a person is conceited and does not understand the true nature of action, as they are unaware that many factors are involved in any action, not just their own will.

18-17

One who acts without egoism, whose intelligence is not entangled, even by killing in this world, does not kill. He is not bound by the consequences of his actions.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that a person who acts without egoism and whose intelligence is not attached to the fruits of action remains free from the consequences of action even if he has to kill someone, for example, while performing his duty on the battlefield. Such a person acts without selfishness and realizes that he is not the true performer of the action, but only an instrument in the hands of God.

18-18

Knowledge, the object of knowledge, and the knower are the three impellers of action. The senses, the work, and the performer are the three constituents of action.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains the three impellers of action – knowledge, the object of knowledge, and the knower, as well as the three constituents of action – the senses, the work itself, and the performer. These six elements are closely related and determine the nature and outcome of any action. Knowledge inspires action, the object of knowledge is what the action is directed towards, and the knower is the one who performs the action. In turn, the senses are the instruments, the work is the action itself, and the performer is the one who carries it out.

18-19

According to the three qualities of material nature, there are also three kinds of knowledge, action, and doer. Hear now about them.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that according to the three qualities of material nature (goodness, passion, and ignorance), there are also three kinds of knowledge, action, and doer. He invites Arjuna to hear a more detailed explanation of how these qualities influence knowledge, action, and the doer himself.

18-20

Knowledge by which one sees in all beings one undivided spiritual nature, although it is divided into countless forms, is knowledge in the quality of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes knowledge that corresponds to the quality of goodness. Such knowledge allows a person to see one, undivided spiritual nature in all living beings, despite their external diversity and differences in form. A person with such knowledge is aware of the spiritual unity of all beings and their connection with the Divine.

18-21

Knowledge by which one sees different living beings in different bodies is knowledge in the quality of passion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes knowledge that corresponds to the quality of passion. Such knowledge allows one to see the differences between living beings, emphasizing that a different soul resides in each body. This knowledge is limited because it does not allow one to see the spiritual unity of all beings, but rather focuses on external differences.

18-22

And knowledge that makes a person attached to one insignificant type of work as the only important one, not understanding the truth, is knowledge in the quality of darkness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes knowledge that corresponds to the quality of ignorance or darkness. Such knowledge is very limited and narrows a person's perspective, making them attached to one insignificant type of work as the only important one, not understanding the truth and not seeing the big picture. This knowledge is based on ignorance and spiritual darkness.

18-23

Action which is duty, performed without attachment, without love or hatred, without desire for fruitive results, is in the quality of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes action that corresponds to the quality of goodness. Such action is performed out of duty, without attachment, without strong emotions such as love or hatred towards anyone, and without the desire for fruitive results or personal gain. It is selfless and based on a spiritual sense of duty.

18-24

But action which is performed with great effort to satisfy one's desires, and which comes from a false ego, is called action in the quality of passion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes action that corresponds to the quality of passion. Such action is performed with great effort and exertion to satisfy one's desires and ambitions. It is based on a false ego or imagined self-identification, which makes a person consider themselves the body and act based on material desires.

18-25

And action which is performed in darkness and ignorance, without considering the injunctions of scripture, future consequences, or violence or harm done to others, is considered to be action in the quality of ignorance.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes action that corresponds to the quality of ignorance or darkness. Such action is performed in ignorance and darkness, without considering the injunctions of scripture or the future consequences for oneself and others. It is destructive and associated with violence and harm to others because it is based on complete spiritual unawareness.

18-26

A person who performs their duty without attachment to material qualities, without false ego, with great determination and enthusiasm, remaining equal in both success and failure, acts in the quality of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes a person working in the quality of goodness. Such a person performs their duty without attachment to the result, without egoism, with great determination and enthusiasm, maintaining peace and balance in both success and failure. Their actions are based on pure spiritual consciousness and the fulfillment of duty.

18-27

The doer who is attached to action and its fruits, desires to enjoy these fruits, who is greedy, always envious, impure, and affected by joy and sorrow, acts in the quality of passion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes a person working in the quality of passion. Such a doer is attached to action and its fruits, desires to enjoy these fruits, is greedy, envious, impure, and subject to strong emotions – joy and sorrow. Their actions are based on selfish desires and the pursuit of material gain.

18-28

And the doer who always acts contrary to the injunctions of scripture, who is materialistic, obstinate, deceitful, and expert at insulting others, who is lazy, always morose, and postpones everything, acts in the quality of darkness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes a person working in the quality of ignorance or darkness. Such a doer always acts contrary to the injunctions of scripture, is materialistic, obstinate, deceitful, and expert at insulting others. He is lazy, always morose, pessimistic, and postpones everything. His actions are based on ignorance and spiritual darkness.

18-29

O conqueror of wealth, now please listen to how I shall describe in detail the three kinds of understanding and determination according to the three modes of material nature.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna invites Arjuna to listen to a more detailed explanation of how understanding and determination manifest in three different ways according to the three modes of material nature – goodness, passion, and ignorance. This understanding will help to better understand the diversity of human actions and motivations.

18-30

O son of Pritha, that understanding by which one knows what ought to be done and what ought not to be done, what is to be feared and what is not to be feared, what is binding and what is liberating, is in the mode of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes understanding in the mode of goodness. Such understanding helps a person clearly distinguish what should be done and what should not be done, what should be feared and what should not be feared, what binds and what liberates. Understanding in the mode of goodness is pure, harmonious, and focused on spiritual understanding.

18-31

O son of Pritha, that understanding which cannot distinguish between duty and what is not duty, between what ought to be done and what ought not to be done, is in the mode of passion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes understanding in the mode of passion. Such understanding cannot clearly distinguish between duty and what is not duty, and does not allow a person to accurately understand what should be done and what should not be done. Understanding influenced by passion is unstable, contradictory, and focused on satisfying material desires.

18-32

That understanding which considers falsehood to be truth and truth to be falsehood, and which is always directed toward the wrong path, O Partha, is in the mode of ignorance.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes understanding in the mode of ignorance or darkness. Such understanding is completely darkened and deluded, considering falsehood to be truth and vice versa. It is always directed towards the wrong path because it cannot distinguish reality from illusion and is in a state of spiritual ignorance.

18-33

O Partha, that unwavering determination which is sustained with steadfast practice of divine power, and which thus controls the activities of the mind, life, and senses, is in the mode of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes determination in the mode of goodness. Such determination is unwavering and is maintained through constant practice of divine power, which helps to control the activities of the mind, life force, and senses. This determination is directed towards a spiritual goal and helps to maintain inner peace and balance.

18-34

But that determination by which one aims at the fruits of action, O Arjuna, in order to gain enjoyment, is in the mode of passion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes determination in the mode of passion. Such determination is focused on obtaining the fruits of action, and a person with such determination acts to achieve material results and gain personal benefit. This determination is associated with desires and attachments and is not truly spiritual.

18-35

And that determination which does not allow one to rise above dreaming, fear, grief, moroseness, and delusion – such unintelligent determination, O Partha, is in the mode of darkness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes determination in the mode of ignorance or darkness. Such determination is associated with dreaming, fear, grief, moroseness, and delusion. It does not allow a person to rise above limiting concepts and negative emotions, and it is unintelligent because it is based on ignorance and spiritual darkness.

18-36

O best of the Bharatas, now hear from Me about the three kinds of happiness by which the conditioned soul enjoys and by which he comes to the end of suffering.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna invites Arjuna to listen to His explanation of the three kinds of happiness that the soul can experience while in the material world. This happiness depends on which qualities influence the soul, and it can lead to the cessation of suffering and liberation.

18-37

That happiness which is like poison in the beginning but nectar in the end and which awakens one to self-realization is said to be in the mode of goodness.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes happiness in the mode of goodness. Such happiness may seem unpleasant at first, like poison, because it requires renunciation of habitual desires and attachments. However, in the end, it provides true fulfillment and liberation, like nectar, and helps a person awaken to their true, spiritual nature, leading to self-realization.

18-38

That happiness which arises from contact of the senses with their objects and which appears like nectar at first but is poison at the end is understood to be in the mode of passion.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes happiness in the mode of passion, which arises from the contact of the senses with their objects, i.e., from sensual pleasures, and at first it seems very pleasant, like nectar, but in the end it becomes poison because it creates attachment, suffering, and dependence on external circumstances, and this happiness is temporary and illusory.

18-39

And happiness which is blind to self-realization, which is deluding from beginning to end and which arises from sleep, laziness and deception, conforms to the nature of ignorance.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes happiness corresponding to the nature of ignorance or darkness, which is blind to self-realization and spiritual values. It is deluding from beginning to end and arises from sleep, laziness, and deception. This happiness is illusory and leads to spiritual degradation because it is based on ignorance and inertia.

18-40

There is no being, either on Earth or among the gods in heaven, who is free from these three qualities of nature (characteristics).

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that the three qualities of nature or characteristics – goodness, passion, and ignorance – are present in all beings, and no one is free from their influence, neither humans nor gods. These qualities form the basis of material existence, and all living beings, regardless of their status, are influenced by them, and only by overcoming these qualities can one achieve liberation from the bonds of the material world. • No being is free from the characteristics: This verse indicates that all beings – both on Earth and in heaven, including divine beings – are subject to the influence of these three modes. These characteristics form the basis of material existence, and all living beings, regardless of their status, are influenced by them. • Three qualities of nature or characteristics: Goodness, passion, and ignorance determine the behavior, thoughts, and actions of every being. These qualities influence how a person perceives the world, how they act, and how they develop spiritually. Even gods, who are higher than humans, are not completely free from the influence of these qualities. • The limitation of all beings in the material world: Krishna explains that as long as a being is in the material world, it is subject to the influence of these qualities. Only by overcoming these qualities can one achieve liberation from the bonds of the material world.

18-41

Brahmans, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudras differ by the qualities inherent in their nature and arising from the three qualities of material nature.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that the division of society into four groups or occupations – brahmans (priests and teachers), kshatriyas (rulers and warriors), vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and shudras (laborers and servants) – is not artificial but is based on the qualities of each group that arise from the three qualities of material nature. Each group has its natural inclinations and duties that correspond to its inner essence.

18-42

Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty, knowledge, wisdom and religiousness – these are the natural qualities for the work of the brahmans.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna lists the qualities that are characteristic of brahmans – the spiritual and intellectual group of society. The duty of brahmans is to study the sacred scriptures, perform religious rituals, provide spiritual guidance, and live in accordance with high moral principles.

18-43

Heroism, power, determination, resourcefulness, courage in battle, generosity and leadership are the natural qualities and duties of the kshatriyas.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes the qualities and duties of kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) that arise from their nature. These duties are based on courage, strength, and leadership skills necessary to protect society and maintain justice. • Heroism and strength: Kshatriyas must be heroic and courageous to protect society and fight for justice. They must be endowed with physical and mental strength that allows them to endure hardships. • Determination and resourcefulness: Kshatriyas must be determined and resourceful to make quick and wise decisions both in battle and in the governance of society. This quality is essential for successfully leading and protecting society. • Courage in battle: Kshatriyas must never flee from battle; they must be ready to face the enemy and defend righteousness even at the cost of their lives. Courage and determination are essential to their character. • Generosity and leadership ability: Kshatriyas must be generous, share their resources with others, and care for the well-being of society. They must also have leadership skills, as they lead and protect society with justice and wisdom.

18-44

Agriculture, cow protection and trade are the natural work for the vaishyas, and for the shudras it is natural to do physical labor and serve others.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna mentions the duties of vaishyas and shudras. Vaishyas are engaged in agriculture, cow protection, and trade, taking care of the economic well-being of society. Shudras perform physical labor and serve others, providing practical support and assistance. These duties correspond to the natural inclinations and abilities of each group.

18-45

When a man is devoted to his own duty, he attains perfection. Now listen from Me how one can attain perfection by performing his work.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that perfection and spiritual development are achieved by performing one's duties with dedication and commitment. A person must dedicate themselves to their duties and work in accordance with their nature to achieve perfection, and that any work, if done with responsibility and diligence, can lead to spiritual growth. • Devotion to one's duties: Every person can achieve perfection if they fully devote themselves to their work and duties. This means that any work, if done with responsibility and diligence, can lead to spiritual growth. • Attaining perfection: The perfection that Krishna mentions here means not only material success but also spiritual growth and inner development. When a person accepts their role in life and performs their duties with a conscious attitude, they move closer to spiritual perfection. • Listen how to achieve it: Krishna indicates that there is a way to achieve perfection through one's work, and he is about to explain how this is possible. This verse serves as an introduction to the further instructions on how daily duties can become a path to spiritual growth.

18-46

By worshiping Him from whom all beings have originated and who is all-pervading, a man can attain perfection by performing his own duty.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna points out that a person can achieve perfection by performing their duty and worshiping God, from whom all beings have originated and who is all-pervading. This means that by performing one's duties with the awareness that God is present in all actions, one can achieve spiritual perfection.

18-47

It is better to perform one's own duty, even imperfectly, than to perform another's duty well. By performing the duty prescribed by one's own nature, one never incurs sin.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes that it is better to perform one's own duty, even imperfectly, than to perform someone else's duty well. Each person has their own individual nature and corresponding duty, and by following one's own path, one does not incur sin, i.e., does not act contrary to one's own being and Divine will.

18-48

Every endeavor is covered by some fault, as fire is covered by smoke. Therefore, O son of Kunti, one should not give up the work born of one's nature, even though such work is full of fault.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains that every endeavor, even the best, has its flaws, just as fire is always accompanied by smoke. Therefore, no one should give up the work born of their nature, even if this work is full of flaws, because it is important to fulfill one's duty in accordance with one's nature, rather than seeking an ideal but unattainable action.

18-49

One who is able to control himself, has become free from attachment and disregards material benefits, can, by renouncing everything, reach the highest stage of perfection – freedom from the consequences of action.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes the path to the highest stage of perfection – freedom from the consequences of action or karma. One who is able to control himself, has become free from attachment to material pleasures and desires, can, by renouncing everything, i.e., egoistic action, reach this state, and that such renunciation is not passivity, but conscious action without attachment to the result.

18-50

O son of Kunti, learn from Me how, having attained this perfection, one can come to the Supreme Truth, to Divine consciousness, which is the highest path of knowledge – I will tell you this briefly.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna invites Arjuna to learn how, having reached the aforementioned stage of perfection, one can come to the Supreme Truth, to Divine consciousness. He will briefly tell about this highest path of knowledge, which leads to spiritual liberation and unity with the Divine.

18-51

Purifying one's intellect and resolutely controlling the mind, renouncing sense gratification, becoming free from attachment and hatred.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna begins to explain the path to attaining Divine consciousness. It begins with the purification of the intellect from false conceptions and attachments, with the resolute control of the mind, renunciation of sense gratification, which binds the soul to the material world, and liberation from attachment and hatred, which are manifestations of dualistic, egoistic consciousness.

18-52

Living in seclusion, eating sparingly, controlling the body, mind and speech, always absorbed in contemplation, being in a state of non-attachment.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna continues to explain the path to attaining Divine consciousness. This includes living in seclusion to avoid unnecessary distractions, moderate eating, controlling the body, mind, and speech, constant immersion in spiritual contemplation, and maintaining a state of non-attachment, which means freedom from material desires and attachments.

18-53

And, becoming free from false ego, false power, false pride, lust, anger, acceptance of unreal things, from the sense of ownership, from deceit, becoming peaceful – such a person has undoubtedly risen to the level of self-realization.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna concludes explaining the qualities and conditions necessary to attain Divine consciousness. A person must become free from false ego, false power and pride, from lust, anger, and the acceptance of illusory material things. He must be freed from the sense of ownership and become peaceful. Such a person has undoubtedly risen to the level of realizing himself as an eternal, spiritual soul.

18-54

One who is situated in this transcendental state immediately attains the Supreme Truth. He never laments nor desires to gain anything. He is equally disposed towards all living beings. In this state, he attains pure devotional service unto Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna describes the state attained by a person who has risen to the transcendental level. He immediately attains the Supreme Truth, i.e., Divine consciousness, never laments and does not desire to gain anything, because he is completely satisfied in spiritual existence, and is equally disposed towards all living beings because he sees the spiritual spark in them. In this state, he attains pure devotional service to God, which is the highest goal of spiritual life.

18-55

I can be known only by devotional service, as the Supreme Personality. When one is in full consciousness of Me by such devotion, he can enter into the Kingdom of God.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes that He, as the Supreme Personality, can be known only through faithful devotional service, which is the path of love and surrender. Thanks to such devotion and service, a person fully realizes Krishna and can enter the Kingdom of God, i.e., achieve spiritual liberation and unity with God.

18-56

Though engaged in all kinds of activities, My pure devotee, under My protection, reaches the eternal and imperishable abode by My grace.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna affirms that even if His pure devotee is engaged in all sorts of worldly activities, he reaches the eternal and imperishable spiritual abode by Krishna's protection and grace. This means that true devotional service and reliance on God allow one to achieve liberation regardless of external activities.

18-57

In all activities just depend upon Me and work always under My protection. In such devotional service, be fully conscious of Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna invites Arjuna and all people to fully rely on Him in all activities and always act under His protection, i.e., with the awareness that God is the true performer and enjoyer of all actions. Such faithful service means complete God-consciousness and acting in accordance with His will.

18-58

If you become conscious of Me, you will pass over all the obstacles of conditioned life by My grace. If, however, you do not work in such consciousness but act through false ego, not hearing Me, you will be lost.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna clearly points out the consequences that arise if a person is conscious of God or acts according to false ego. If a person is conscious of Krishna and acts in devotion to Him, then by Krishna's grace he will overcome all the obstacles of conditioned, material existence, but if a person acts with false ego, not listening to Krishna's instructions, he will be lost, i.e., will remain in the power of the sufferings of the material world.

18-59

If you will not accept My instruction and will not fight, then you will act wrongly. By your own nature you will be engaged in fighting.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna warns Arjuna that by refusing to follow Krishna's instructions and not participating in the battle, he will act wrongly. Arjuna's nature as a Kshatriya (warrior) will force him to engage in battle anyway, as that is his duty and destiny, and that by refusing his duty, Arjuna will be in contradiction with his own nature and Divine will.

18-60

Oh, son of Kunti (Arjuna)! You are bound by your own nature and duties. Even if you do not wish to perform them now due to illusion, you will eventually do them, even against your will.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna explains how a person's nature and character will determine his actions regardless of his desires and illusions. Arjuna is bound by his nature and duties as a Kshatriya, and even if he does not want to perform them now due to illusion, he will eventually do them, even against his will, because that is his innate nature. • Bound by his own nature: A person's character, natural qualities, and abilities stem from his nature, which has been formed over many life cycles. Each person is defined by his character traits, which determine his actions and duties in this life. • Action is inevitable: A person is bound by his duties and actions that stem from his character and nature. He cannot completely abandon them because they are inevitable. Even if a person tries to avoid his duties, his nature will eventually force him to act. • Illusion and unwillingness: Illusion is a state of mind in which a person does not understand true reality. Arjuna's doubts and unwillingness to fight stem from his confusion and illusion. However, even in this state, he cannot avoid his duty. • Action against one's will: Even if a person reluctantly refuses to perform his duties, his nature and destiny will eventually force him to act in accordance with his duties. Nature is stronger than human will, and it will determine his actions.

18-61

The Supreme Lord is situated in everyone's heart, O Arjuna, and is directing the wanderings of all living entities, who are seated as on a machine, made of the material energy.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna reveals that the Supreme Lord, God, resides in everyone's heart as the Supreme Soul and directs the wanderings of all living beings who are in the material world. Living beings are like puppets in the mechanism of material nature, and God is the one who directs and determines their destinies.

18-62

O scion of Bharata, surrender unto Him fully. By His grace you will attain transcendental peace and the supreme and eternal abode.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna calls on Arjuna to fully surrender to God, who dwells in his heart. By God's grace, Arjuna will be able to achieve transcendental peace, which is free from the sufferings of the material world, and the supreme, eternal spiritual abode, which is the state of spiritual liberation and perfection.

18-63

Thus I have explained to you knowledge still more confidential. Deliberate on this fully, and then do what you wish to do.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna concludes his teaching, revealing to Arjuna knowledge that is even more confidential, i.e., the most important and essential spiritual insights. He calls on Arjuna to carefully consider everything he has heard and then act according to his free will, taking responsibility for his choice.

18-64

Because you are My very dear friend, I am speaking to you My supreme instruction, the most confidential knowledge of all. Hear this from Me, for it is for your benefit.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna once again emphasizes his love for Arjuna, explaining that He will reveal to Arjuna the most confidential knowledge, which is intended for Arjuna's benefit. This love and concern for Arjuna's spiritual well-being is the reason why Krishna shares such deep spiritual insights.

18-65

Always think of Me, become My devotee, worship Me and offer your homage unto Me. Thus you will come to Me without fail. I promise you this because you are My very dear friend.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna once again reminds Arjuna of the essence of spiritual service – to always think of God, to become His devotee, to worship Him, and to bow down before Him. This spiritual path, based on love and devotion, guarantees that a person will come to God. Krishna emphasizes this especially because Arjuna is His dear friend.

18-66

Abandon all varieties of dharma and simply surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reactions. Do not fear.

Explanation: This verse is Krishna's main instruction and call for complete reliance and surrender to God: • Abandon all varieties of dharma: Krishna calls on Arjuna to free himself from all duties related to social and religious norms. This does not mean ignoring moral principles, but rather calling to stop identifying with external duties and fully dedicate one's life to God. The word used in the original is "dharmas," which means not only duties but also religions, righteousness, and other principles. Therefore, this phrase could also be translated as "Abandon all forms of religion" or "Abandon all other forms of righteousness." This would help to better understand the deeper meaning of the sentence, which calls for complete reliance on God, transcending external rituals and social norms. • Simply surrender unto Me: Krishna calls on Arjuna and all followers to dedicate themselves only to God. This means complete reliance, trust, and confidence in God's guidance. A person no longer needs to worry about their duties or difficulties if they fully trust in God and follow His instructions. • I shall deliver you from all sinful reactions: Krishna promises that if a person surrenders himself to God, God will deliver him from all sins and consequences. This means that reliance on God purifies a person's actions and spiritually liberates him from material suffering and attachments. • Do not fear: Krishna reassures Arjuna and all followers not to worry or be anxious. Complete reliance on God provides peace and security, as God is always present and protects those who rely on Him.

18-67

This confidential knowledge may never be explained to those who are not austere, or devoted, nor engaged in devotional service, nor to one who envies Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna indicates to whom these deeply spiritual and confidential teachings should not be explained. They are not intended for those who are not dedicated to spiritual practice (austerity), who are not devoted to God, do not engage in devotional service, or envy God and spiritually advanced people, and that this knowledge should only be passed on to those who are ready to accept it with an open heart and mind.

18-68

For one who explains this supreme secret to the devotees, pure devotional service is guaranteed, and at the end he will come back to Me.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna promises that one who teaches this supreme secret, i.e., the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, to His faithful devotees, will certainly achieve pure devotional service and eventually return to God in the spiritual world. This service of spreading spiritual knowledge is highly valued and leads to spiritual liberation.

18-69

In this world, there is no servant more dear to Me than he, nor will there ever be one more dear.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes once again how much He values those who spread spiritual knowledge. In this world, there is no servant more dear to Him than the one who teaches the doctrine of the Bhagavad Gita to others, and Krishna assures that there will never be anyone more beloved to Him than such a person.

18-70

And I declare that he who will study this sacred conversation of ours will worship Me by his intelligence.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna declares that he who will study this sacred conversation, i.e., the Bhagavad Gita, will worship Him with his intellect. Studying the Bhagavad Gita is a form of spiritual worship that allows a person to approach God through reason and understanding, and that this activity is highly valued on the spiritual path.

18-71

And he who listens with faith and without envy will be freed from the consequences of sin and will attain the auspicious planets where the righteous dwell.

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna emphasizes the importance of faith and openness in listening to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. A person who listens to this teaching with faith and without envy will be freed from the consequences of their past sins and will attain the auspicious planets where the righteous and spiritually advanced souls reside, and that even simply listening with an open heart can bring great spiritual benefit.

18-72

O Pārtha, O conqueror of wealth, have you listened attentively to Me? And has your ignorance and delusion now been dispelled?

Explanation: In this verse, Krishna asks Arjuna a check question to ensure that Arjuna has listened attentively and understood all the teachings. He asks if Arjuna's ignorance and delusions have been dispelled, i.e., whether Arjuna has freed himself from his doubts and gained clear spiritual understanding.

18-73

Arjuna said: My delusion is gone, and I have regained my memory by Your grace, O Achyuta (Krishna). Now I am free from doubts and am ready to act according to Your instructions.

Explanation: This verse demonstrates how spiritual teachings can dispel confusion and doubts if a person listens with faith and an open mind. Arjuna confirms that his bewilderment is gone, that he has regained his memory, and that now, thanks to Krishna's grace, he is free from doubts and ready to follow Krishna's instructions. Spiritual awakening always comes with the help of Divine grace, and when a person is free from doubts, they can act confidently and purposefully.

18-74

Sanjaya said: Thus I have heard this wonderful conversation between two great souls – Vasudeva (Krishna) and Pārtha (Arjuna). And so wonderful are Krishna's words that my hairs are standing on end.

Explanation: In this verse, Sanjaya, who is the narrator, expresses his awe and admiration for the conversation he has just heard between Krishna and Arjuna. This conversation has been so wonderful and spiritually uplifting that his hairs are standing on end, i.e., he is experiencing deep spiritual emotion, and that this verse shows the powerful impact of the Bhagavad Gita's teachings on the listener.

18-75

By the grace of Vyasadeva, I have heard these most confidential and transcendental teachings directly from the master of spiritual wisdom, Krishna Himself, who narrated them to Arjuna.

Explanation: In this verse, Sanjaya expresses gratitude to Vyasadeva, who, with his spiritual power, allowed Sanjaya to hear this most confidential and transcendental teaching that Krishna, the master of spiritual wisdom, Himself narrated to Arjuna. Sanjaya realizes that this is a unique opportunity to hear Divine revelation directly from the mouth of God.

18-76

O king, again and again remembering this wonderful and sacred conversation between Krishna and Arjuna, I rejoice, and every moment I am filled with rapture.

Explanation: In this verse, Sanjaya expresses his deep emotions that he feels when remembering the wonderful and sacred conversation between Krishna and Arjuna. Every time he remembers this conversation, he rejoices and feels spiritual rapture, and that this shows that the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita have a lasting and powerful effect on the listener's consciousness.

18-77

O king, when I remember the wondrous form of Krishna, my astonishment is even greater, and I rejoice again and again.

Explanation: In this verse, Sanjaya remembers not only the content of the conversation but also the wondrous cosmic form of Krishna that Krishna revealed to Arjuna. This remembrance causes Sanjaya even greater amazement and spiritual joy, and that this indicates the power and beauty of Krishna's divine manifestation, which leaves an indelible impression on the observer.

18-78

Wherever there is Krishna, the Lord of all spiritual teachers, and wherever there is Arjuna, the supreme archer, there will certainly also be opulence, victory, extraordinary power, and morality. This is my opinion.

Explanation: In this verse, Sanjaya expresses his conviction that wherever Krishna, the Lord of all spiritual teachers, and Arjuna, the supreme archer, are present, there will certainly also be opulence, victory, extraordinary power, and morality. This means that divine presence and faithful adherence to spiritual principles guarantee prosperity and righteousness, and that this verse concludes the Bhagavad Gita with an assurance of the victory of God's power and justice.